Choroidal Melanoma is rare – with an incidence of about 6 cases per million people per year in the United States. Although choroidal melanoma can occur in children, it most often presents in patients over age 45 with an average age of presentation 55.
HISTORY:
The history and review of systems in patients with suspected choroidal melanoma is aimed primarily at looking for possible metastatic disease from the melanoma and ruling out other choroidal lesions that can look like choroidal melanoma. Choroidal metastases from breast cancer and lung cancer are more common than choroidal melanoma, so any history of recent cancer elsewhere in the body raises the possibility that a choroidal mass is a metastasis and not a melanoma. A choroidal hemorrhage, choroidal effusion, choroidal scar, large choroidal nevus, and a metastasis to the choroid can all look like a choroidal melanoma.
Choroidal melanoma rarely metastasize to the lungs, liver, and elsewhere. Any history of recent respiratory problems, jaundice, weight loss, or other significant health problems raise the worrisome possibility of metastasis from the choroidal melanoma.
EXAMINATION:
Melanoma in the eye is usually only visible using special examination tools (slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy). Rarely – like on the photo above–a melanoma is big enough to see through a dilated pupil, causes brown spots on the outside of the eye, and is accompanied by a dilated superficial vessel on the eye (a sentinel vessel) that feeds the melanoma.
TESTING:
Most eyes with melanoma have fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and ophthalmic ultrasound a-scan and b-scan. (see right) Fundus photography is helpful in looking for change in lesion size over time. Ultrasound gives the size as well as the internal characteristics of the lesion. The ultrasound is useful in differentiating melanoma from choroidal hemangioma and metastatic choroidal tumors. Fluorescein angiography is helpful in looking at the circulation inside the tumors, but is most useful in ruling out choroidal hemorrhage which looks black on angiography.
Evaluation by oncologist, medical doctor, ophthalmologist: Systemic evaluation including a careful history, physical and laboratory testing is necessary to rule out metastatic spread. Liver function tests and sometimes imaging of the liver is ordered. Also a chest x-ray and sometimes a chest CT scan are checked. Other testing can be done depending on the signs and symptoms of the individual patient.
LOCATION
Melanoma are subdivided both by location and size. Melanomas in the posterior part of the eye are called choroidal melanomas. If the tumor is more toward the front of the eye, it is called a ciliary body melanoma. If the tumor is on the iris, in the front of the eye, it is called an iris melanoma.
SIZE
Melanoma can be small, medium, or large. The measurement of a melanoma usually requires ultrasound testing (on right). A small melanoma has a height of less that 2.5 mm, a medium melanoma has a height of 2.5 mm to 10 mm, and a large melanoma has a height of greater than 10 mm. A tumor with a very broad base of over 16 mm is also consider a large melanoma, regardless of the height.
PROGNOSIS FOR SAVING VISION
If a small or medium melanoma is not near the optic nerve or the macula, treatment often preserves central vision. If a melanoma is near the macula (central vision) or near the optic nerve, the radiation from plaque therapy or external beam therapy, or scarring from laser can cause vision loss. Vision loss from radiation retinpathy usually occurs a year or two after the melanoma treatment.
PROGNOSIS FOR METASTASIS AND DEATH
The 5 years risk of metastasis from choroidal melanoma is 38% for large melanomas and 14% for medium melanomas. Survival after discovery of metastatic choroidal melanoma is usually about 7 months.
LASER
Transpupillar thermo therapy with a diode (810nm) laser can sometimes control tumors less than 3 mm in height. Laser treatment has not been tested in a large randomized trial like brachytherapy (radiation). It is sometimes employed for tumors near the central vision or the optic nerve in an attempted to spare those sensitive areas potential damage from radiation.
PLAQUE BRACHYTHERAPY
For small and medium tumors, a plaque, which looks like a fat quarter, can by sown on the eye and left for 3 to 7 days to radiate the tumor. A large study showed that survival was just a good for patients with medium sized tumors who were treated with plaque radiation therapy as for patients who were treated with enucleation (removal of the eye). This is usually done as an outpatient procedure. During the time when the plaque is on the eye, the patients is a little radioactive and has to avoid being around children and pregnant women.
EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION
Some centers have access to a particle accelerator and can treat choroidal melanoma with external beam radiation. The Univesity of Florida opened a proton therapy center in 2006 and does treat choroidal melanoma.
ENUCLEATION
Removing the eye has always been considered definative treatment for choroidal melanoma. For large melanoma and for melanoma in high risk location or in a locaiton where vision cannot be preserved, enucleation is often performed. The eye is removed surgically and then after 2 months the patient is fitted with a false eye that usually matches the fellow eye. In most cases, within 2 or 3 months of surgery, the cosmetic result is excellent and the false eye sometimes looks better than the real eye.